The Crimes of Crime and Punishment :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment

The Crimes of Crime and Punishment Our topic for this paper is Crime and Punishmet, by Fyodor Dostoevsky   . There are several different issues on this subject.   We chose three main points to talk about: The Crimes, the People who solved them, and the different types of punishments.   These are the topics we chose for our report.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Crime in the nineteeth century was rapid though out London.   But because of all of the poverty and sickness in the streets, crime was the only way to survive.   Most of the crimes that took place in London were crimes that involved stealing.   Pickpocket gangs and street gamblers were a regular sight when walking down a major London street.   Prostitution was also a big money maker on the streets, done by both girls and boys.   But crimes though out the middle class and rich were mostly property crimes and disputes which made up 90% of all crimes committed by the upper-class.   In Victorian England and like   today there a two categories which crimes fall under.   "Indictable" which is the same as our felony crimes that make up all of the major crimes.   These crimes consist of: Murder,   armed robbery, burglary, larceny, rape, and assaults on the police.   The next called category is called " Summery " crimes which is equal to our misdemeanor crimes. Summery crimes were all minor crimes such as: Property crimes, Vagrancy, Drunkenness, Prostitution, Minor Larceny , and all other minor offenses.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Probably the most famous criminal in the Victorian period was " Jack the Ripper ". Jack the Ripper was " the first modern sexual serial killer" ( Sugden, pg.2) Jack's trademark was the killing of female prostitutes.   But not only did he kill them, he would surgically remove organs and intrails and place them near the dead body. "Jack the Ripper" wasn't his only nickname, he was also called " the Whitechaple murder " because   the body's were found near the Whitechapel Road, and " The Leather Apron" because of a man that would come by and beat up the prostitutes for no reason.   Jack the Ripper is credited for 9 killings, but police think that he might be responsible for more.   All of the killing accrued with in one square mile.   Jack is described as carrying a long knife in which he would cut open his victims, and a black Gladstone bag, the contents of   which is unknown.

Ethical views expressed in ‘Lord of the Flies’ Essay

In this human world, wherever we turn there will always be conflict. No human is perfect, and all humans err. Therefore we should understand that to err is only human, and to forgive is divine. The ethical views expressed in the renowned bestseller novel, Lord of the Flies, brings into perspective the ever changing external and internal conflict that lies within each of us. None of us can quite identify with and comprehend what is passing through another’s mind, but we must make allowances for their doubting too. An example of this would be found on page 19, after Ralph is nominated chief and the author states that even the choir applauded; and the freckles on Jack’s face, disappeared under the blush of mortification, (Golding, 1954). This also shows us that it is merely natural and human nature to display or conceal feelings of jealousy and contempt for each other. A common aspiration that we all seek to achieve, is the ambition to be somewhat of a perfectionist. Altho ugh we all desire to obtain level of perfection; we must be able to understand that nobody in this human world is perfect. For example, in the novel it is clear that however hard Ralph tries to be an ideal chief, there are always several obstacles in his path which provide a number of difficulties. On page 209, Ralph converses fearfully with Samneric about the things that had gone wrong and how Jack took over the whole, unsuspecting tribe. Here Ralph states, â€Å"What have I done? I liked him- and I wanted us to be rescued.† In addition to that we should all be able to realize that there is no utopia, in which we can live and survive alongside each other. At the beginning of the book it was made poignantly clear as the young boys expressed their carefree ways that they thought that an island without adults was absolutely perfect. Little did they know what was in store for them. This information is displayed on page 31 where Ralph tells the solemn group of kids that there were no grown-ups on the island. The kids were all quiet then, contemplating how their life would be affected now that there we re no adults to look after them. While reading this spectacular, fascinating novel, I was intrigued by the fact that it displayed many deep, hidden emotions and facts. It was certainly unambiguous that this book was a symbol and represented a smaller version of our world, as we perceive it today. Modern society is sometimes based more on imagination, than on the reality that actually surrounds it. Within the pages 36-37 of this book, Lord of the Flies, Ralph tries several desperate attempts to try to shake the futility out of the boys, by encouraging them to be more responsible, by keeping a watch on the fire and ships that should by chance miraculously pass by. Another point to consider is that society will never survive without any responsible figure or any set of laws and regulations. This information can be proved on pages 18 and 19, where the children decide to have a vote, as to who would be the person to lead them and take the privileged honour of being their chief. The conch can also be a symbol of rules, as the person with the conch had the right to speak, and those who were there had to respect and listen to the person who wanted to view and voice their opinions. The exception for this rule was that Ralph, as the chief could interrupt any time. I found this information on page 31 of this spellbinding novel. However, society will not always obey the rules and do justice. An example would be on page 139, where Jack questions the authority of Ralph, the current chief. Here Jacks inquires the vote of the rest of the boys present, as to which of them didn’t want Ralph to be chief of their tribe anymore. When Jack did gain control and leadership of the rest of the tribe,(pages 167 and 168) it just goes to show that man instinctively wants to rule supreme over each other, and humans will definitely repeat themselves. It is also a known verity that people are blind to reality. It is also possible that we as humans can cause the downfall and corrupt our society. For example, this novel demonstrates that the mistakes made by the children, added to the list of growing controversies that played a major part in the miscellaneous distortions of the society, as a whole. Therefore it is without doubt wise to think before you act, and consult all you options before diving headfirst into something that will cause a lot of trouble in the long run. I would have been more appropriate if Ralph had not allowed Jack to become such a close friend of his, as I feel that it helped spark the malicious contempt that Jack had possessed. This was first displayed on page 19, where Ralph commanded Jack to be the head of the hunters. Our nature will always get the better of us and destroy us. Hence, we should be able to differentiate between right and wrong. It is understandable that sometimes, this might not always be the case. The person involved might be unable to decide things for themselves or be swayed by a very strong point of view or opinion. On page 166, Jack leads a new tribe, and questions the others who want to join the tribe. This caused chaos, as the group of boys that were once bound together in one tribe, were deserting Ralph. After all, united we stand, divided we fall. Without agreeing on absolutely everything, we will succumb to failure. And as technologies, theories and opinions improve and decline, we are only contributing towards destruction of the human race. After all, aren’t we all opportunists? Ethics- a word most of us know, but fail to recognize and understand the concept behind this word. For people to understand, they should be open minded and aware that ethically speaking it is wrong to judge other people’s ethics by your standards. As humans, we all differ in every single way. Golding is one the few people who has the superlative ability to wrought a compelling, realistic, symbolic masterpiece that enable mesmerized readers to look deep within themselves and fully understand the true meaning and the underlying tendencies that surround everything in this world. In conclusion I would like to commend Mr. Golding on the wonderful, riveting modern classic, Lord of the Flies that is sure to enthrall readers of all ages for a long time to come.

International Migration Essay Example For Free At Magic Help - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2157 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This paper discusses the extent to which international migration is likely to promote economic development. International migration may be both outward and inward. The loss of nationals is sometimes referred to as the ‘brain drain and suggests the loss of younger, talented professionals who will not be contributing to domestic development, and who, in addition, have taken money out of the developing economy through investment in their education and training. These individuals may send remittances back to their home country, which may provide more income (and foreign currency) than lower paid domestic employment or unemployment, and they may also learn skills that they bring back to their country of origin. Generally, however, ‘brain drain is thought to be detrimental to the home economy. Developing economies may experience a temporary inflow of employees of multi-national corporations (MNCs) and workers with aid organizations, which will raise prod uctivity by introducing skills and knowledge to the benefit of the host economy. The outcomes of international migration are presented as viewed from the standpoint of a developed country. International migration is an integral part of income growth for all countries, and is an important part of migration in many less developed countries, with the numbers of people involved in international migration moving from around 80 million in 1965, to upwards of 185 million in 2005 (Taylor, 2006). As international migration is now widely understood to have the potential to contribute to development, most governments and policymakers are looking for ways through which its benefits can be maximized. Migration is shaped by both economic development and economic underdevelopment, with migration, in turn, shaping economic development. For less developed countries, this interdependence is of interest, as policies could be developed to enhance the potential for migration to contribute to economic development i.e., to use migration as a development tool, by, for example, reducing the costs of remittance transactions or by leveraging remittances so that more of the remittances can be used for improving welfare and stimulating investment in migration-source areas (Taylor, 2006). This use of remittances as a development tool is of particular importance, as remittances (i.e., the transnational flow of money earned by migrants abroad) are a major global economic resource, with the value of remittances having doubled during the 1990s to well over $105 billion annually , which is twice the total level of international aid (Vertovec, 2007). Nowadays, with the realization that remittances are a major global economic resource, policymakers have come to realize that transnational ties condition migration, and so migrant transnationalism has been a subject of much research interest, with a recognition that circular migration (i.e., the movement of migrants to-and-fro between their ho melands and their foreign places of work) could be a win-win situation for both sending and receiving countries, with receiving countries being able to deal with labour shortages, by using immigrant labour, and sending countries guaranteeing remittances to help with economic development (Vertovec, 2007). The United Nations (2006) recognizes that the understanding of international migration and its connection to economic development might be best understood in terms of circular migration, stating, â€Å"the old paradigm of permanent migrant settlement is progressively giving way to temporary and circular migration†, with obvious potential for development in the sending and receiving countries that this type of migration offers, with the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) suggesting that circular migration is a development opportunity for those developing countries which send migrants, and that, as such, as part of a program for development, migrant receiving cou ntries should allow repeat, temporary migrations and should also give incentives to migrants, such as allowing them to return to the same job (Vertovec, 2007). A case study from Morocco illustrates this idea. Available evidence from Morocco shows that migration and remittances have improved living conditions and income levels in migrant-sending areas, which has transformed these areas in to prosperous areas that now attract internal ‘reverse migrants (de Haas, 2007). However, the idea of remittances as a panacea for development has not played out in Morocco, as there are several structural constraints to the development potential of these remittances, namely that the impacts of migration change with time and depend on the socio-ethnic origin of the migrants, some of which use the remittances to retreat from, rather than to invest in, economic activities at a local level, such that development in migrant-sending regions seems to be, at least in the Moroccan case, a pre-requi site for return to an area, and investment in that area, rather than a reason for migrating in the first place (de Haas, 2007). Thus, international migration cannot be seen as a panacea for development, especially as the link between international, and internal, migration is not yet well understood : for example, whilst it is expected that stimulating remittances and promoting temporary and circular migration will enhance home country development, it is also recognised that economic – and human – development increases peoples capabilities, and their aspirations, and that, as such, circular migration can increase, rather than decrease, migration, at least in the short term, with remittances being complementary to migration in the long term (de Haas, 2006), especially as demand for both skilled and unskilled migrants is expected to be constant. There are, therefore, no short-cut solutions to migration, and, as such, sustained immigration to developed countries, fro m less developed countries, seems likely. From the developed countries point of view, this is often welcome, as unskilled labour is necessary, hence the flow of such migrants, and because there is a large amount of brain drain that occurs in these countries, and thus a concomitant need for skilled migrants , leading to the suggestion that selective immigration policies should be put in place in order to attract the highly qualified workers that are needed in innovative industries (Straubhaar and Zimmerman, 1993), especially as the amount of immigrants employed in export-oriented, research-intensive is generally weak across the developed world (Zimmerman, 1996). Certain economic models have led to the suggestion that migration leads to an overall decrease in wages, and thus that migration leads not to economic development, in the host developed country, but rather to economic downturn. The new economic geography (see Fujita, Krugman and Venables, 1999) looks at the relative perfor mance of regions in the presence of imperfect competition (i.e., scale economies and costs to trade and transport), and by incorporating these models in to classical models, such as the labour-flow approach, has shown that there is no consistent evidence that immigration causes a decline in wages and increasing unemployment in the receiving country, especially as unskilled labour by immigrant workers can provide complements to home labour, moderating unemployment problems, often independently of trade union wage flexibility conditions (Bauer and Zimmerman, 1997b). Thus, it is currently hypothesized that international migration, to developed host countries, is a beneficial process that can provide necessary labour to cover labour shortages. Looking at international migration through the neo-classical/labour-flow approach, under which migration is viewed from the perspective of labour market disequilibrium, from a demand perspective, small firms are proliferating in developed count ries, due to the increase in entrepreneurial activity, and, as such, there is an increasing demand for skilled workers to fill sub-contracting arrangements, for example, although issues of citizenship can complicate the ability of immigrants to obtain, and to keep, such positions. Looking at migration from the perspective of human capital modeling, however, under which individuals calculate their present discounted value of expected returns in every potential location (see Sjaastad, 1962), the net gains to a migrant are the increase in salary minus the costs of migration, with the ultimate decision to migrate being based on this calculation and individual characteristics, with younger, single, individuals more likely to migrate than older individuals. Decisions to migrate are thus based on individual characteristics, and skills, and on the prevailing economic forces, both in the sending and receiving countries, aswell as there being a strong evidence of networks of migration, as mig rants follow other migrants, for potential support networks, for example, which leads to self-perpetuation of migration as migration becomes easier for subsequent migrants, leading to a higher net return to mobility and an increasing probability of migration (Bauer and Zimmerman, 1997a). Thus, international migration is a many-faceted process, affecting both receiving and sending countries in ways that are not yet fully understood. What is understood is that, in some way, the gains from international migration can be used as a development tool for benefiting the less developed sending countries economies, in terms of the remittances that are sent home and the positive ways in which these remittances can be put to use by the families of the migrants still at home. This, in turn, can lead to local economic upturns, which can cause internal migration to these areas, which, in turn, can lead to less international migration from these areas. The actual effects of remittances on intern al migration are complicated, and have been little studied (although see de Haas, 2007). The concrete effects of international migration on the receiving countries depends on the economic situation of the receiving country and the type of labour that is being offered i.e., skilled or unskilled, and, in some respects on the type of model that is used to describe the situation. In some cases, migration of unskilled workers is seen as beneficial, by causing an overall increase in wages and by decreasing unemployment. In addition, the replacement of skilled workers who have left the country by skilled migrant workers can offer direct and indirect economic benefits: a concrete example of this would be the NHS setting in the UK, in which a large percentage of nurses and doctors are now skilled migrant workers, who, it is argued, keep the NHS running and therefore keep the workforce of the UK in work, and at work. Thus, the effects of international migration on the receiving country are many-faceted, depending on the economic situation of the country, the skills possessed by the presenting immigrants, and to a great extent on the policies regarding citizenship and immigration that are present in the receiving country. Thus, on the issue of international migration and economic development, the only statements that can be made with certainty are that remittances are a huge global economic resource and that immigration is here to stay, as individual citizens of all types of countries (developed or less developed) assess their personal situations and decide, for themselves, that migration to a different country offers them, and their families, better economic prospects. References Bauer, T. and Zimmerman, K.F., 1997a. Network migration of ethnic Germans. Discussion Papers in Economics 87. Nuffield College, Oxford. Bauer, T. and Zimmerman, K.F., 1997b. Looking South and East: labour market implications of migration in Europe and developing countries. In Memedovic, O et al. (eds.), Globalisation of Labour Markets: Challenges, Adjustment and Policy Response in the EU and Less Developed Countries. Kluwer. Borjas, G.J., 1994. The economics of immigration. Journal of Economic Literature 32, pp.1667-1717. Bosworth, G., 2006. Counter-urbanisation and job creation: entrepreneurial in-migration and rural economic development. Centre for Rural Economy Discussion Paper Series No. 4. Cutler, H. and Davies, S., 2007. The impact of sector-specific changes in employment on economic growth, labour market performance and migration. Journal of Regional Science 47(5), pp.935-963. De Haas, H., 2006. Turning the tide? Why ‘development instead of migration policies are bound to fail. International Migration Institute Working Papers No. 2, University of Oxford. De Haas, H., 2007. The impact of international migration on social and economic development in Moroccan sending regions: a review of the empirical literature. International Migration Institute Working Papers No. 3, University of Oxford. De Wind, J. and Holdaway, J., 2005. Internal and international migration in economic development. UN Fourth Coordination Meeting on International Migration. Faini, R., de Melo, J. and Zimmerman, K.F., 1999. Migration: the controversies and the evidence. Cambridge University Press. Oded, S., 1991. The migration of labour. Blackwell. Ostergaard-Neilson, E., 2003. International Migration and Sending Countries: Perceptions, Policies, and Transnational Relations. Palgrave MacMillan. Ozden, C. and Schiff, M., 2005. International migration, remittances and the brain drain. Palgrave-McMillan. Saracoglu, D.S. and Roe, T.L., 2004. Rural-urban migration and economic growth in developing countries. 2004 Meeting Papers for the Society for Economic Dynamics, No. 241. Simon, J., 1989. The economic consequences of immigration. Blackwell. Sjaastad, L.A., 1962. The costs and returns of high migration. Journal of Political Economy 70, pp.80-93. Skeldon, R., 1997. Migration and development: a global perspective. Addison-Wesley. Strauber, T. and Zimmerman, K., 1992. European migration: a common policy? Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper No. 641. Straubhaar, T. and Zimmerman, K.F., 1993. Towards a European migration policy. Population Research and Policy Review 12, pp.225-241. Taylor, J.E., 2006. International Migration and Economic Development. UN International Symposium on International Migration and Development. United Nations, 2006. International Migration and Development: Report of the Secretary-General. New York: United Nations General Assembly. Vertovec, S., 2007. Circular migration: the way forward? International Migration Institute Working Papers No. 4, University of Oxford. Zimmerman, K.F., 1992. Migration and Economic Development. Springer. Zimmerman, K.F., 1994. European migration: push and pull. Proceedings Volume of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics, supplement to the World Economic Review and World Bank Research Observer. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Migration Essay Example For Free At Magic Help" essay for you Create order

When to Cite a Source in a Paper

Write an essay and back it up with facts. How many times have you heard a teacher or professor say this? But many students might wonder what exactly counts as a fact, and what doesnt. That means they dont know when it is proper to cite a source, and when its OK not to use a citation. Dictionary.com states that a fact is: Something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed. Demonstrated is a hint here. What the teacher means when she/he tells you to use facts is that you need to back up your claims with some evidence that supports your claims (sources). Its one trick that teachers use to make sure you actually use some references when you write a paper, instead of simply offering a list of your opinions. This may sound easy, but its actually tough sometimes to know when you need to back up a statement with evidence and when it is fine to leave a statement unsupported. When to Cite a Source You should use evidence (citations) any time you make a claim that is not based on a well-known fact or common knowledge. Heres a list of situations when your teacher would expect a citation: You make a specific claim that could be challenged--like London is the foggiest city in the world.  You quote somebody.You make a specific claim that is not common knowledge like the Indian Ocean is the youngest of the worlds major oceans.You paraphrase information from a source (give the meaning but change the wording).Offer an authoritative (expert) opinion--like germs cause pneumonia.You got an idea from somebody else, even through email or conversation. Although there may be interesting facts that you have believed or know for many years, you will be expected to provide proof of those facts when youre writing a paper for school. Examples of Claims You Should Support Hot water can freeze faster than cold water.Poodles are friendlier than Dalmatians.American Chestnut trees are nearly extinct.Eating while driving is more dangerous than talking on the cell phone while driving.Thomas Edison invented a vote counter. When You Dont Need to Cite a Source So how do you know when you do not need to cite a source?  Common knowledge is basically a fact that practically everyone knows, like the fact that George Washington was a U.S. president. More  Examples of Common Knowledge or Well-Known Facts Bears hibernate in the winter.Fresh water freezes at 32 degrees F.Many trees shed their leaves in the fall.Some trees do not shed their leaves in the fall.Bears hibernate. A well-known fact is something that many people know, but it is also something that a reader could look up easily if he/she didnt know. Its best to plant flowers in the early spring.Holland is famous for its tulips.Canada has a multilingual population. If youre not really certain about something being common knowledge, you could give it the little sister test. If you have a younger sibling, ask him or her the subject youre pondering. If you get an answer, it could be common knowledge! A Good Rule of Thumb A good rule of thumb for any writer is to go ahead and use a citation when youre not certain whether or not the citation is necessary. The only risk in doing this is littering your paper with unnecessary citations that will drive your teacher crazy. Too many citations will give your teacher the impression that you are attempting to stretch your paper to a certain word count! Simply trust your own best judgment and be honest with yourself. Youll get the hang of it soon!

The Political Economy Model Of Migration Policy - 1419 Words

Gary Freeman suggests the gap between rhetoric and reality is best described in a political economic account of migration policy. The political economy model of migration is modelled on the interests of three sets of rational actors: voters, organised groups and state actors who attempts to maximize their individual goals subject to state interests in different contexts (Freeman, 2002). The first is post-industrial change, which suggests stances on immigration policy are better viewed as interests defined by social groups (Freeman, 2002: 84). The second is the spatial account, where the population compete for finite resources in densely settled areas – exacerbated by strong advocates of immigration in these locations, such as businesses which could help explain the gap between rhetoric and action. The third is the international approach, where state protectionism regulates the trade of goods and people. If immigration is economically beneficial to the state, it will continue r egardless of public sentiments. As social ‘welfare effects are key determinants of a countries migration policy’, if migration stimulates the economy, it will have a positive impact on society (Freeman, 2002: 88). Liberal and International Norms Liberal norms influence policy outcomes. Hollifield is concerned with the political interests that drive migration policy in the face of liberalism.‘[S]overeignty requires a degree of territorial closure’, which the liberal state increasingly calls intoShow MoreRelatedEconomic Factors Of The Migration1175 Words   |  5 Pagesdecision? Economic reasons are the key factor to migration. The poor financial condition and unemployment drives migrants to urban areas or other countries. Skilled labor get better job opportunities and wages when immigrate. Migration to urban area helps immigrants to overcome poverty and provide a better financial condition. Most of the migrants invest their money in education and financial investments. Non- economic factors include the better quality of life and better education. In most of theRead MoreMigration Within a Countrys Borders Have Greater Negative Impacts at Their Origin Than Their Destination1338 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Migration within a country’s borders have greater negative impacts at their origin than their destination†. Discuss the statement [15 marks] Introduction * Definition of migration and internal migration * Reasons why people move (Push/Pull Factors) * Explain Lee’s migration model * Types of Internal Migration (Inter-urban, Intra-urban, counter urbanisation, urbanisation) Body * Social. Economic. Environmental. Political. (S.E.E.P.) impacts * Case Study (Statistics) Read MoreGlobal Governance Is A Set Of Coercive Norms, Principles, And Decisions1531 Words   |  7 Pagesnations-states which have to comply with them. In the realm of international migration in which individuals opt voluntarily to cross countries boundaries in order to stay in the host state for a minimum of length of time, it appears that that the need of global governance has become unavoidable by the mid twentieth century. Effectively, states struggle to control international migration. Indeed, history demonstrated that migration has often been uncontainable and unrestricted in most countries, at startRead MoreChicago School Of Social Ecology Theory1509 Words   |  7 Pagesdisciplines related to education, health, economy, psychology, social sciences, sociology, anthropology, history, environment, biosciences, economy, politics, international relations, geography, urban architecture and technology. 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Objective History Essay Sample free essay sample

Objectivity must be the desired at all cost when it comes to entering or analyzing history but given the human restrictions in an imperfect universe. the possibility of achieving a grade of the same must be capable to the world of human prejudice as the imperfect historian-human individual attempts to populate in this imperfect universe. This paper posits the above statement as a manner of showing the extent the possibility or even the desirableness of objectiveness in the survey of history. Jenkins looks at any historian’s work as a literary concept. where he argued that a work of history includes the historian’s ain universe position and ideological places with about past events. This evident in his definition of history when he said. â€Å"History is a shifting. debatable discourse. apparently about an facet of the universe. the past. that is produced by a group of present-minded workers†¦ whose merchandises. one time in circulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Objective History Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page are capable to a series of utilizations and abuses†¦ but which in actuality by and large correspond to a scope of power bases†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Jenkins. 1967 ) Jenkins’ portion of history’s definition which states â€Å"products one time in circulation. are capable to a series of utilizations and abuses† connotes the incorrect usage of history by certain powerful groups for whom the history was written and hence at that place seems to be deficiency of objectiveness on history which is presumed to be recorded by the author. Jenkin’s may in consequence be reasoning that every historiographer will lose credibleness when the inquiries are asked: â€Å"For whom is the written history? † ; hence he is presuming the historiographers are really biased and that no historiographer will compensate it for the interest of the nonsubjective truth. This research worker respectfully expresses a great trade of reserve with the observation of Jenkins’ with such since he was non able to abduce cogent evidence that every author of history would make it for money. But if Jenkin’s innuendo does widen to a historio graphers holding a prejudice for or against a certain group of people at the clip to composing. so this research worker could non impart a grade of understanding on the footing that worlds could non be perfect and their positions could ever be loaded with emotions at the clip of authorship. From another position. it may be argued that American history has already a predefined significance to the American populace and it clear that any riotous work that disapprove of traditional theories of cognition would be distressing in the philosophy of American historiography. â€Å"What is History? † ( Carr. 1967 ) is such a sort of work that doubts a fact-based nature of history and alternatively prescribes as a replacing an interpretive. interdisciplinary speculating on history. hence it is non inquire that Carr’s work that American historiographers have ignored and forgotten in America in general for grounds as stated. Carr’s work is merely a historical object and a spoilsport from the Cold War epoch that has contradicted the aggregation of historical facts. Carr ( 1967 ) was alternatively encouraged that the historiographers should determine the facts into a work utile for coevalss. Carr’s statement against historical facts encourages one to travel against objectiveness in history authorship. The reaction of American historiographers to Carr’s work seems hence to hold footing since nonsubjective truth must be facts that had happened minus any commentaries. When viewed in the context of news media facts are the opposite number of intelligence studies that should be free signifier commentaries and sentiments of the authors. And although the intelligence paper should incorporate column parts where 1 should happen intelligence commentaries. the criterion for factual intelligence coverage merely like factual history authorship must be maintained. In undertaking further the work of Carr ( 1967 ) and his topographic point in modern historiography. it may be argued that his first chapter. â€Å"The Historian and his Facts. † ( Carr. 1967 ) described the inquiry of what defines history and the function of facts in composing history. Carr presented the resistance point of view that the facts speak for themselves ( Carr. 1967 ) and that facts lay out straight how history should be written. but he countered that such a agencies of composing history was uneffective because values can non be drawn straight from facts. He at that place suggested that history must be written with inventive apprehension and with an oculus both to the yesteryear and to the present as may be deciphered with Carr’s that history is a uninterrupted duologue between the yesteryear and the present and an everlasting interaction between the historiographer and his facts ( Carr. 1967 ) Carr’s 2nd and 3rd chapters supported each other peculiarly good since they deals with the historian’s function in society. Therefore with the chapter title’s â€Å"Society and the Individual. † he presented the historiographer within society and how history should be reconciled with a historian’s peculiar prejudice. Carr in said chapter was in consequence reasoning that that the influences of society would ever environ the historiographer. so it was necessary to turn to this consequence on history. therefore it could be argued that the more a historian comes to footings with his ain prejudices. the better able that historiographers will be able to excel societal influences to compose an accurate history. Like Jenkins. Carr factored in a human prejudice in the work of historiographers. Therefore Carr’s message in Chapter Three. â€Å"History. Science. and Morality. † ( Carr. 1967 ) that history is non a one manner procedure and is non a remarkable survey. but an interdisciplinary survey that requires g interaction between the historian and historical survey. may good has confirmed the inevitableness of a prejudice. This is on the premiss that on that point historiographer is required to hold knowledge in other academic Fieldss. such as psychological science and sociology that would do him a author of the author. non an insulated fact-focused lone wolf. Based on the renunciation. it may be concluded that human prejudice is factor to postulate with in history authorship. therefore the possibility of objectiveness in the survey of history must be viewed in the context of the relationship of the writer or historian with his authorship and the intent of said composing when on attempts to look into the verifiability of a historian’s work with other historiographers. This does non nevertheless do it less desirable to achieve objectiveness in the survey of history since history has so much to learn world to larn from their errors ( Carr. 1967 ) . Mentions: Carr. E. ( 1967 ) What Is History? .Vintage ( October 12. 1967 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //alex. edfac. usyd. edu. au/Methods/History/jenkins. hypertext markup language. Accessed November 20. 2007 Jenkins. K. ( 1991 ) Rethinking History. Routledge. London. { www papers } URL

Strontium chloride hexahydrate Essay Example

Strontium chloride hexahydrate Paper The following are possible factors that may contribute to acheiving a higher yeild. Firstly, it is possible that there was contamination from outside sources, such as lint or dust particles that could have fallen into the drying precipitate. Secondly are impurities accumulated through water. Non-distilled water can contain many minerals and impurities , aswell as absorbing chemicals in the surrounding air which can skew results. According to the city of Ottawas website, there are many contaminants in water, the two of those being fluoride and chlorine. Fluoride is naturally present in the air and soil, and can dissolve into water. Chlorine is used by the city in the water to kill bacteria. Average tap water contains 0. 7 mg/L of fluoride and 100 ppb, or parts per billion of chlorine. These insignificant substances, in additions to those not named here, can change the way the reaction takes place. Thirdly is lingering moisture, which can be present because of thick acumulation of precipitate which causes moisture to remain at its center. Water could also be present due to outside sources, such as higher than normal humidity levels present in the laboratory or water bottle fights that may have taken place and interacted with the results. To validate this reasoning, another student who acheived a higher yeild, Yannick Brisebois notes in his analysis that he was closely located to the water fight, similarily to this experiment. Lastly, misreaction is another way the precipitate was higher than expected. The reactants could have possibly reacted with the levels of fluorine or chlorine in the water, as covered in the example above. We will write a custom essay sample on Strontium chloride hexahydrate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strontium chloride hexahydrate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strontium chloride hexahydrate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since perfect reactions are impossible, it is likely that some of the reactants were not used up in the reaction, and were left in the precipitate. This would increase the mass of the precipitate because both the strontium chloride and the copper sulphate were hydrates, which have a higher molar mass than the products because of the attached waters. For example, according to table 2, the masses of the reactants strontium chloride and copper sulphate are 266. 58 and 249. 62 g/mol respectively, while the precipitate, strontium sulphate only has a molar mass od 183. 64. Any ammount of extra reactant would weigh down the mass of the precipitate. 3. The following steps were taken to ensure the reaction went to completion. First, the ammount of transfers were kept to a minimum in order to preserve as much of the orginal reactants as possible. Multiple transfers can cause reactants or precipitate to adhere to the walls of the beakers or the funnel. There are only two transfers present in this procedure. Second, the solutions were dissolved into aqeous solutions to facilitate a reaction and increase the ammount of reaction taking place. Without a solution, the two substances would not have reacted in a solid state. Solutions also increase the likeliness of the most possible reaction, because of its containment, as opposed to a gas, and the potion of the particles within, unlike a solid. Both reactants were dissolved into water in order to maximise the reaction and ensure it took place. The reaction was finally stirred for a mintute to maximise the reaction. The stirring added heat and motion, which is another form of heat, which allows more reactant to react properly. The heat increases the speed at which the particles move within the liquid, which leads to more collisions, and finally more reaction taking place. Finally, the original beakers and the funnel were washed down with water and passed through the filter to ensure all possible remaining reactant had been added to the apparatus. Refrences: 1. Nelson 11 Chemistry (2005) 2. http://ottawa. ca/en/env_water/water_sewer/water_wells/quality/facts/index. html 3. http://sargentwelch. com/pdf/msds/Strontium_Chloride_6-Hydrate_723. 00. pdf  https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9923597